Update of ADR rules on the horizon

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Today the European Commission announced their proposal to modernise ADR rules in Europe, in line with the digitalisation agenda (New measures to simplify the resolution of disputes out of court and boost consumer rights). This follows from the 2023 Consumer scoreboard results showing continued low numbers of consumers proceeding with enforcing their rights (1/4 of consumers experiences a significant consumer problem, but 1/3 of them does not complain for reasons related to time, cost and low confidence). The key points of the new plan to address these issues are: 

• Abolition of ODR (see for the proposal for a new regulation repealing ODR here) - currently the ODR platform facilitates ca 200 cases per year in the EU, which the Commission perceives as not justifying the costs of keeping this platform open and costs of business having to comply with ODR Regulation obligations (e.g. providing a link to ODR platform and assuring appropriate communication channels). The plan is to replace the ODR platform with 'user-friendly digital tools' assisting consumers in choosing a redress option.
• Broadening of the scope of ADR - it will no longer be necessary that a dispute stems from a concluded contract between the parties. This will allow encompassing all EU consumer law, incl. pre-contractual issues especially pertinent to online environment, e.g. misleading advertising and deceptive design, access to services and unjustified geoblocking. It aims also to start facilitating procedures against non-EU traders (although they as well would need to voluntarily join the scheme).
• Providing for additional consumer advice in accessing and during ADR process - to be delivered by designed bodies, e.g. European Consumer Centres Network. This could consist of translation, explanation of consumer rights, ADR procedures, etc.
• Removing some of the burdens for traders to encourage their uptake of ADR participation - e.g. reducing information obligations for traders. Additionally, ADR entities will ask traders whether they intend to participate in ADR when a consumer raises a complaint, which traders will need to answer in 20 days. This is aimed at prompting traders to (re-)consider their ADR participation.
• Removing some of the burdens and costs for ADR entities - e.g. reducing their reporting obligations (from every year to every 2 years, and requiring a more condensed report); facilitating bundling of cases with similar elements (although only upon consent of relevant consumers).
• Improving transparency - e.g. when a dispute is resolved through automated means, parties may request review by a natural person.

Additionally, the European Commission recommends online marketplaces to align their dispute resolution systems to European ADR principles, especially effectiveness, fairness, independence, expertise, impartiality, and transparency. See here for the Recommendation on quality requirements for dispute resolution procedures offered by online marketplaces and Union trade associations C(2023) 7019 final.

See for the new proposal for amending ADR Directive here. Additional information on the whole ADR review is here.

Underused consumer ADR and ODR platforms - Commission's report

Some of our readers may be interested in the report that the European Commission has published this week assessing the functioning of the ADR/ODR systems for consumers across the EU. Whilst remaining positive about the ADR/ODR options for consumers, the Commission expresses mild concern about the fact that these dispute resolution platforms remain underused. The reports conclusion mentions as problematic: 

• ADR awareness and perceptions (e.g. awareness is lower in SMEs than in large retailers; consumers consider ADR as biased towards traders or as traders' customer care service; traders worry about ADR being biased towards consumers);
• The navigability of national ADR landscapes (e.g. if a Member State has a large number of certified ADR entities, there is lack of clarity to which of them to turn to, and sometimes due to their specialisation consumers may need to seek full dispute resolution with more than one entity at the same time);
• Traders' uptake of ADR (on average, 1 in 3 retailers is willing to use ADR at the moment);
• Workflow on the ODR platform (e.g. the fact that the dispute will not be referred from an ODR platform to an ADR entity unless the parties agree on the ADR entity hinders the dispute resolution; currently, the ODR platform is perceived as not providing sufficient information on consumer rights and redress options).

The Commission intends to further encourage traders to refer their disputes to ADR/ODR platforms, promoting their use in special campaigns, as well as by organising the second ADR Assembly in 2020. It also indicates in the report best practices on improving the awareness of ADR/ODR platforms in various countries, as well as on how to clarify the ADR landscape (read the full report here).

A New Deal for Civil Justice? The New Deal for Consumers and the Justiciability of EU Consumer Rights

The Centre for the Study of European Contract Law (CSECL) holds its annual conference on Thursday 11 and Friday 12 April 2019 at the University of Amsterdam.

The 2019 CSECL conference revolves around the New Deal for Consumers that was proposed by the European Commission on 11 April 2018. It focuses on issues of civil justice that the New Deal aims to address – and, crucially, the question it appears to raise. A particular focus will be on the interaction and tension between different functions of enforcement mechanisms in consumer law, as well as the public and private interests involved at different levels. What or whom is the New Deal for?

For the provisional programme, click here. 

The conference will bring together researchers and practitioners interested in (the future of) European private law, civil procedure, consumer law and, possibly, others with a more general interest in the enforcement of EU law and EU constitutional law.

Keynote speakers:

• Prof. Colin Scott, University College Dublin
• Dr. Eva Storskrubb, Uppsala University

Conference and publication on consumer ADR and ODR

The Centre for Socio-Legal Studies of the University of Oxford will hold the Fourth Annual Civil Justice Conference on ADR and ODR on 18-20 April 2016. The conference programme is organized around three themes: implementation (of the ADR Directive); trust (in ombudsman); justice (the potential of consumer ADR to deliver justice). The full provisional programme is available here, and the link to registration here.

Our readers interested in this area of EU consumer law may wish to know that a special issue of the European Review of Private Law (vol. 24 issue 1) on Access to Justice and Consumer ADR is soon to be published.

A look into the future: What does 2016 hold for consumer law?

There is no doubt that 2015 was quite a busy year for the European institutions. In the light of considerable social, economical and political challenges faced by the EU these days, the European Commission under the presidency of Jean-Claude Juncker proclaimed that it would carefully choose its priorities and focus on feasible initiatives. While it is still too early to predict whether this approach will go beyond mere declarations, an overall policy stance can already be inferred from first two work programmes published under rather high-sounding titles: A New Start and No time for business as usual. Key objectives within ten priority areas have been defined and measures to be taken in order to reach them were announced. But what does this actually mean for consumers?

From the consumer law perspective three areas deserve particular attention:

• Measures designed to create a connected Digital Single Market
• Initiatives aimed to further deepen the internal market
• EU international trade policy, especially the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), which is currently being negotiated by the EU and the USA

As we have already reported, first three legislative proposals implementing the Digital Single Market were presented on 9 December 2015. The first one deals with a fully novel issue of digital content (e.g. streaming music, purchasing e-books), while the second one builds upon the existing regulatory framework for online sales of goods. Both measures are seeking to fully harmonise several core aspects of online business-to-consumer sales of tangible goods and supply of digital content, including rules on pre-contractual information duties, consumer’s right to withdraw from the contract, conformity of goods and digital content as well as relevant remedies. Furthermore, a proposal for a regulation on ensuring the cross-border portability of online content services in the internal market was adopted.

In 2016 the Commission will surely try to further proceed with these measures. Its new approach to the European law-making shall ensure that the Digital Single Market strategy does not share the fate of the Common European Sales Law. Efforts are made to secure a common understanding with the European Parliament and the Council on key initiatives already at an early stage. Despite public concerns about the impact of such arrangements on the democratic process, an inter-institutional Agreement on Better Law-making has recently been finalised. Time will tell whether this approach will produce the desired results. In any case, it seems unlikely that the flagship measures implementing the Digital Single Market, which are by no means uncontroversial, will come into force in the nearest months. Also the Dutch Presidency in the Council seems to be taking a ‘wait and see’ attitude to this issue.

2016 will therefore rather be a time of intense discussions, public consultations and further legislative proposals. We may, among other things, expect a proposal aimed to bring an end to unjustified geo-blocking as well as other forms of discrimination on the basis of residence or nationality. Detailed information on the envisaged copyright reform should be presented shortly. Of particular interest are also measures, which have already been adopted in the previous years – such as Regulation 524/2013 on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes – or those at an advanced stage of adoption. It is worth noting that the European ODR platform has lately become operational and will be made available to consumers and traders on 15 February. While a faster and easier, Internet-based mechanism of resolving disputes between consumers and traders sounds like a good idea, much still needs to be done to ensure its reliability and promote its use among both parties to the contract. Furthermore, in the following months we will almost certainly witness a long-awaited reform of EU data protection law. Following the agreement reached in trilogue last month, it appears very likely that the final texts of General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Directive will be formally adopted in the first quarter of 2016.

From the consumer law perspective, particular attention should also be paid to the Commission’s Regulatory Fitness and Performance programme (REFIT), i.e. a systematic analysis whether the existing regulatory framework is fit for its purpose. According to the recently published roadmap, a substantial part of EU consumer law will be subject to evaluation within next 18 months, namely:

• Directive 2005/29/EC concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market (Unfair Commercial Practices Directive);
• Directive 1999/44/EC on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees (Sales and Guarantees Directive);
• Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts (Unfair Contract Terms Directive).
• Directive 98/6/EC on consumer protection in the indication of the prices of products offered to consumers (Price Indication Directive);
• Directive 2006/114/EC concerning misleading and comparative advertising (Misleading and Comparative Advertising Directive);
• Directive 2009/22/EC on injunctions for the protection of consumers' interests (Injunctions Directive).

Additionally, Consumer Rights Directive 2011/83/EU and Regulation 2006/2004 on consumer protection cooperation are also expected to undergo separate evaluations in the coming months. During the first semester of 2016 public consultations on application of consumer legislation in Member States will be launched, which might well be a spark for another heated debate, reminiscent of the time when the Common European Sales Law was still on the agenda.

Without doubt 2016 will be a very exciting year in consumer law. Like every year, we will keep you posted about the most significant developments, so stay tuned!

European consumers are a step closer to resolving their disputes online

In 2013 the Commission adopted the ADR Directive and the ODR Regulation. These acts aimed at creating opportunities for European consumer to resolve their disputes out-of-court in a simple, fast and low cost manner, covering online and offline, domestic and cross-border disputes (see our summaries here). Online out-of-court dispute resolution is made possible by the ODR Regulation that foresees the establishment of the EU-wide online platform. The platform is to help consumers solve their disputes online that arise from online sales or service contracts by directing the dispute to the appropriate national ADR entity (established base on and/or complying with the requirements of the ADR Directive in Member States) and providing additional services such as translation. The ADR entities should already be in place (the latest from the 9 July 2015), and the ODR platform is to become operational on 9 January 2016. In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of the ODR Regulation, the Commission has recently adopted an implementing act. The Commission Implementing Regulation 2015/1015 sets out the modalities for: 1) the electronic complaint form, 2) the exercise of the functions of the ODR platform and 3) the cooperation between the ODR contact points in Member States. With this act European consumers came a step closer to resolving their disputes online.

Conference: Legal Resolution of Mass Disputes

The University of Haifa, Faculty of Law (Israel) will organize an international conference on Legal Resolution of Mass Disputes, taking place 26-27 November 2015. Panels will discuss class actions, collective redress, transnational class actions, ADR and ODR, legal representation and the social impact of collective disputes. Speakers come from Asia, Europe, the UK and the US. See the programme and register for the conference here.

What will the future bring? The new consumer programme 2014 - 2020

With some delay, the EU announced its priorities in consumer law for the period from 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2020.  The consumer programme takes the form of a Regulation based on Art 169 TFEU and explains how the Union will complement, support and monitor the Member States' policies. This is mainly achieved through financing actions taken either by national authorities or thirds, such as consumer organisations, e.g..

The consumer programme details four main objectives (Art 3): product safety (I), consumer information and education, and support of consumer organisations (II), rights and redress (III) and enforcement (IV). The short Regulation (only 19 articles) as well as its Annexes elaborate these objectives and the types of actions to be taken. Although not directly granting rights to consumers, the Regulation is an important indicator of the EU's current view on and future priorities in consumer law.  

Impact of the new ADR and ODR rules

Today the ECC-NET holds its annual conference in Dublin during which the impact and the implementation of the forthcoming ADR and ODR legislation will be discussed. (ECC-Net annual conference: EU consumers could save 22.5 billion euro) The Irish European Consumer Centre commissioned a report "The Implication of the Proposed ADR Directive for the Resolution of Consumer Disputes in Ireland" which is available online on their website.

"According to recent research, losses experienced by cross-border shoppers are estimated at EUR 425 million per annum. The European Commission has estimated that if EU consumers can rely on well-functioning and transparent ADR for their disputes, both national and cross-border, they could save around €22.5 billion a year, corresponding to 0.19% of EU GDP. The ADR Directive and ODR Regulation when implemented will allow business to consumer disputes to be settled fast, effectively and cheaply without going to court. Effective ADR offers both business and consumers a win-win situation encouraging consumers to spend secure in the knowledge that if something goes wrong it is easy for them to access redress while business will avoid the costs of going to court". said Dr. Ann Neville (Director of ECC Ireland)

New ADR rules finally approved

As we had anticipated at the end of 2012, last Tuesday the Parliament approved the proposed ADR directive and ODR regulation. The instruments, whose negotiation took almost one and a half year, will enter into force 20 days after their publication in the OJ. After that, their implementation will be partially left to the Member States, who have to ensure the availability of ADR bodies for every business sector, at no or nominal cost to the consumer. 

In the meantime, a EU-wide platform for the on-line resolution of disputes arising from internet transactions will be set up, which should be available to consumers in their mother language and "direct" their claims to the appropriate ADR body. 

The proposals received wide support in the Parliament, where they were approved with over 600 favourable votes. This mirrors the Commission's high expectations with regard to the potential of a fully operational, EU-wide ADR network, which will now have a chance to be put to a test.

The way forward for ADR and ODR

Thirdly, an update on the progress of the proposals on Alternative Dispute Resolution and Online Dispute Resolution (ADR and ODR): After the vote in the Internal Market and Consumers Committee the proposals now await final adoption by the European Parliament, which is foreseen to take place in the second quarter of 2013. The new rules will then have to be implemented by the Member States and are expected to introduce benefits for consumers seeking to resolve disputes in an efficient and effective manner:

'The rules on ADR will ensure that contractual disputes between consumers and traders are settled out of court through quality alternative dispute resolution entities. These will operate in all Member States and in all sectors, with the exception of health and higher education. 

The ODR Regulation will set up an EU-wide online platform for handling disputes between consumers and traders, arising from online transactions. The platform will link all the national alternative dispute resolution entities and will operate in all official EU languages. Traders will be required to provide consumers with adequate information on ADR and ODR.'

The text of the proposals and accompanying documents may be found here.

Towards faster redress for disappointed shoppers?

Today, negotiators from the European Parliament and the Council found a deal on two prospective pieces of legislation: a Alternative Dispute Resolution directive and and a regulation on  Online Dispute Resolution .

The underlying goal is to provide "impartial mediation to settle disputes between shoppers and traders quickly, effectively and at low cost."

Admittedly, similar mechanisms are already available in many member states, but their effectiveness is hampered by lack of awareness and perfectible infrastructure. 

The harmonised ADR mechanisms should be

• available for all economic sectors;
• provided free of charge or only "at a nominal cost";
• capable of generally resolving issues within 90 days.

In order to raise awareness, traders will have to inform consumers of which ADR bodies they are covered by and how to contact them. Measures must be taken in order to ensure that the arbitrators act impartially. 

A specific regulation will be issued concerning problems arising out of online sales. In this case, an online platform will be accessible through the"Your Europe" Portal to guide shoppers to the most appropriate resolution scheme for their dispute. All steps of the complaints will be dealt with online through a standard complaint form and electronic translation.
The application of EU privacy and data protection rules should make sure that the information concerned is processed correctly. 

What now? The acts will have to be officially endorsed by both organs in the coming months, starting with the Parliament where the texts should be put to plenary  vote early in 2013.