AG Campos Sánchez-Bordona's opinion on Orange Polska (C-628/17): Signing a contract with the courier present can be undue influence under UCPD

On 30 January 2019, the AG Campos Sánchez-Bordona's opinion on case C-628/17 Orange Polska has been published. This is a case of great significance as it is the first one clarifying the meaning of aggressive practices and especially undue influence under the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD). In the last year there has been a growing interest in aggressive practices with this being the second case on aggressive practices, following the judgment on Wind Tre, after the Directive being in force for more than 10 years. It is not clear why this is happening now, yet it is a welcome development. Perhaps it is telling that both these cases concern telecommunications companies.

Facts of the case

Orange Polska is a Polish telecommunications company which concludes service contracts with consumers through their website, using the following stages (the opinion also mentions sales via phone, yet the stages listed are relevant only for online sales):

1. Consumer’s visit to the website of the company where he can get informed on the offers of the company as well as access the standard forms.
2. Choice of product.
3. Send an order. What is highlighted about this is that the consumer does not consent to any statement that he has read the terms and conditions at this stage.
4. The order is executed with the courier service employee bringing the standard form contract to the consumers, along with any other appendices to sign.
5.  Contract is concluded when the consumer signs the contract and the declaration that he has reviewed all the documents is handed to him and he accepts their content. The signing needs to take place while the courier employee is there, otherwise the consumer needs to go to a physical shop or place a new order online.
6. The contract is activated.

Stage 5 of the ones listed above is the problematic one, especially the aspect that consumers have to sign the documents in the presence of the courier employee, meaning they might be pressured into signing without having the opportunity to review the documents in detail. That was the view of the Polish regulator who found the practice to be harmful to the collective interests of consumers. This administrative decision was disputed in the Warsaw courts with the decision being cancelled in the first instance only to be reinstated by the Court of Appeal. 

Referred questions

Finally the case reached the Supreme Court of Poland, which referred the following questions:

The Court asked whether the practice in question, where in order to conclude a telecommunication contract the consumer has to make the final decision in the presence of the courier employee who is handing him the contract terms, should be considered an aggressive practice with the use of undue influence, according to art. 8 and 9 UCPD.

The referring Court goes on to discern different scenarios the practice can be characterised as aggressive:

1. Always when the consumer has not been able to be informed of the content of the terms during the visit of the courier employee without hindrance.
2. Only when the consumer has not received the full terms in advance individually before the visit of the courier employee, even though he had the chance to access them online.
3. Only when from it can be deduced that the business is engaging in unfair practices aiming at impairing the freedom of choice of the consumer thereby causing him to take a transactional decision he otherwise would not have taken.

AG opinion

The decision on whether a practice is aggressive needs to be made taking into account all of its features and circumstances, as stated in art. 8 UCPD.

The phrasing used in the referred questions is contentious, such as the use of the word ‘always’. As the AG clarifies, only the practices included in ANNEX I of the Directive are meant to be always unfair. Given that the practice in question is not one of the blacklisted practices, then it cannot be said to always be unfair. (para. 42)

Sometimes classified as aggressive

One of the arguments put forward by the Orange Polska is that the practice cannot be characterised as using undue influence as it did not make use of illegal influence. The AG Campos Sánchez-Bordona in his opinion rejects this restrictive interpretation of the term ‘undue influence’ and states that undue influence is the influence which, regardless of its legality, leads in an active way, through the use of pressure, to the manipulation of the will of the consumer (para 45).

In order to decide whether the particular practice was aggressive, three relevant factors are listed. The AG correctly states that the weight placed on each of these factors will depend on the facts. Each one of these factors may be able to establish the aggressive character if it is intense enough, or there may be a need to combine the presence of all three to find the practice aggressive (para 53).

These factors are listed in para 52 of the opinion:

1. If the behaviour or the actions of the employee of the company are especially pressuring or aggressive.
2. If the consumer received in advance limited, fragmented or partial information or information that does not correspond to the one provided later by the courier employee. This element is enough to establish a misleading action or omission (as per art. 6-7 UCPD) and possible undue influence.
3. Finally, other unfair actions of a different nature would suffice, according to their potential for influencing the will of the consumer to amount to undue influence.

Relevant factors

While the facts are to be determined by the national court AG Campos Sánchez-Bordona is offering a helping hand by providing a list of relevant factors for deciding when a practice is aggressive.

The AG distinguishes between sales via phone and sales via the internet, as the circumstances call for a different approach.

In online sales, usually the consumer chooses to visit the website of the trader and nothing stops him from taking time to consider the different offers and terms. Conversely, on the phone, there is often an element of surprise and the consumer is passive (para 57).

Furthermore, there is a different average consumer in the two instances (para 58). The average consumer shopping online is considered to have a minimum level of familiarity with online processes and the ability to handle them at least until placing an order. On the other hand, the average consumer of phone sales may be less circumspect and well-informed and therefore in need of greater protection. The rationale for that is that it is easier to reach that consumer on the phone, as all that is needed is to take a call.

Also, the quality of the provided information is important, as one of the important features of aggressive practices are that they limit the freedom of choice of the consumer, as stated also in Wind Tre case (para 59). Since this is only the second case on aggressive practices ever, and AG Campos Sánchez-Bordona was involved in both, there is a frequent mention of the remarks made in Wind Tre (see the previous post on that case here).

It is essential that consumers are informed of the terms prior to the conclusion of the contract, as that is how they decide whether to commit to the contract. The AG Campos Sánchez-Bordona states that ultimately, there is a disparity between the information provided in online and phone sales with the information in the latter one being of a lower quality (para 62).

The important question is here whether the timing of the provision of information, in this case in the presence of the courier employee is enough to make the consumer take a transactional decision he would not have taken otherwise. This may be the case particularly if the consumer has doubts on whether the information provided by the courier employee is the same as the one they read online or were given by phone (para 66). This issue is exacerbated by the fact that the courier employee is not in the position to answer any questions on that matter and dissolve their doubts.

The behaviour of the courier is key in determining whether the practice would be aggressive. Every measure needs to be taken to alleviate any psychological pressure to the consumer to sign. This can be achieved by the employee not insisting that the consumer signs on the spot. Should the courier employee be linked to the trader (which was not the case here), there is a higher standard to adhere to as they should be able to answer questions. Furthermore, they should not imply that if the consumer does not sign they might face a penalty or less favourable terms in the future and should offer to visit on another day to allow consumers to read the terms in their own time (para 72).

These suggestions do not so much list what would classify as aggressive behaviour but rather what wouldn’t.

Conclusion

This is the most detailed interpretation of what constitutes an aggressive practice in the case law of the ECJ. It is a sorely needed guidance, going beyond the phrasing of art. 8-9 UCPD, which would assist regulators and traders. It reflects the difficulties in defining aggressive practices to the extent that they are tied to human behaviour. It remains to be seen whether the ECJ in its judgement will follow the AG’s opinion and how they will interpret the meaning of undue influence.